Paper Tigers: How Padded Are Theater Seats?

Kyle T. Webster

-John Dos Passos, The 42nd Parallel (1930)

I had never understood the expression "papered house" when, 25 years ago, I began reviewing plays. I thought maybe the phrase meant that a theater lobby had wallpaper. The fine art of papering (strictly speaking, filling seats with free tickets and, more broadly, with discounted ones) had simply never come up at UCLA during my one semester of box-office management. Papering, though, has probably been around since The Clouds flopped on opening night and Aristophanes needed to fill his amphitheater's benches with togas. And, of course, any Broadway aficionado has at some point stood in line at the Times Square TKTS booth to buy a reduced ticket. Back in 1983, there was only one agency filling seats in Los Angeles theater, but today, markdowns are a potent marketing tool.

"L.A. has more theater going on than it has audiences," says Leigh Fortier, a theater producer who also owns Plays411, a company that both sells discounts and offers marketing services to producers. "The disadvantage is that L.A.'s theater is not a destination for tourists. Even Wicked has a rush for really great seats."

In the 1980s, local papering was mostly confined to sending in a shuffling cavalry of retirees with complimentary reservations to boost a show's attendance. Today, it is less common for theatergoers to be given "panic comps" than for them to either pay membership dues to a free-ticket agency or register with a pay-per-show discount service.

The prime motive behind a producer's papering a show has always been to avoid a situation in which a critic reviews a play in a near-empty house on opening weekend. Comedies are regarded as especially vulnerable, and many producers believe that the comped laughter of their actors' friends and family members will sweep a critic along into writing a favorable notice. For dramas, the requirement is simply to keep the critic from noticing all the empty seats and ruminating about the future of theater.

Still, funneling free tickets through a papering service can backfire on a producer because there's less incentive for the recipients to show up than if the patron had paid half price. There's also the problem of program shock, where discount-ticket buyers discover their play isn't exactly what they'd imagined from its title. Years ago, I reviewed a two-character, rough-sex romance whose actors remained on a bed completely naked for most of the play. I was almost alone in my embarrassment for them. I was almost alone, period - the only other patron was a petite grandmother sitting several rows away. During intermission, she told me she'd taken the show through a papering service not knowing what it was about. Minutes later, she went home.

These days, thanks to the Internet, papering companies are able to provide review pull quotes or patron comments through their Web sites to clue potential theatergoers as to what they're getting into.

Tracy Gore, who two years ago bought On the House, L.A.'s oldest papering company, says she seeks feedback from clients on the shows they've seen. That information is passed on to potential attendees.

"I never ask my members to fake it," says Gore, who once worked publicity for Ringling Brothers. "I don't edit their opinions."

Founded 26 years ago, therebranded On the House un-Ltd. is a membership-based company with ticket access to between 15 and 25 venues a week, some of which include film and dance events. Members pay $225 annually and are guaranteed at least two free tickets each week. Like other papering services, On the House advertises itself as a word-of-mouth generator to producers, who offer the company's patrons tickets not only to shows during their regular runs but to previews and even dress rehearsals. Gore says theaters will contact her anywhere between two weeks before a show opens right up to "the last minute."

Fortier dismisses as misguided the belief that only a play's opening weekend performances or the nights that critics show up need to be papered.

"Week two," says Fortier, "is when you see people fall straight to the ground - the excitement's over and the press hasn't come. L.A.'s pretty much a wait-and-see town, and by the second week, word hasn't gotten out. The producers who don't know what they are doing and didn't market the play [then] react to an empty house by reaching out all over the place."

One veteran publicist, who requested anonymity for this article, says that papered houses best serve comedies, and during previews.

"You need [actors] to play off an audience and find out where the jokes are," he says.

Still, this publicist holds a dim view of papering, believing it is killing the full-price ticket and cheapening the theatergoing experience.

Jim McCarthy, who, with fellow e-commerce veterans Rich Webster and Robert Graff, began Pasadena-based Goldstar in 2002, has no patience for this view.